X-ray Accelerators

X-ray accelerators generate electron beams using linear accelerators (LINACs) or other acceleration techniques. The accelerated electrons are then directed onto a high-Z target, such as tungsten, where they produce bremsstrahlung X-rays. The energy and intensity of the X-ray beam can be precisely controlled, allowing for tailored applications. Supply chain considerations involve the availability of high-power radiofrequency components, vacuum systems, and specialised targets. Logistical challenges include the transportation and installation of large and complex equipment. Accessibility for developing countries is limited by the high cost and technical expertise required for operation and maintenance. Unlike X-ray generators, which use a heated filament to produce electrons and accelerate them with a high voltage, X-ray accelerators use more complex and powerful methods to achieve much higher electron energies, resulting in higher-energy X-rays.

X-ray accelerators are a mature technology, widely used in medical and industrial settings.

X-ray accelerators produce ionising radiation, requiring robust shielding and safety protocols to protect personnel. High-voltage systems also pose electrical hazards.

While X-ray accelerators do not use fissile materials, the potential for producing high-energy X-rays that could be misused requires security measures to prevent unauthorised access and ensure proper control of the technology.

Traditional IAEA safeguards are not directly applicable due to the absence of fissile materials. However, monitoring and verification of the intended use and operational parameters may be considered to ensure transparency and prevent misuse.