Tritium decays by beta emission with a half-life of 12.32 years. It is produced in nuclear reactors by neutron irradiation of lithium-6. Tritium can also be produced in heavy water reactors as a byproduct of deuterium neutron capture. Supply chain considerations involve the availability of nuclear reactors, lithium targets, and tritium processing facilities. Logistical challenges include the safe handling and containment of a radioactive gas. Accessibility for developing countries is influenced by the specialised facilities and regulatory requirements.
Overview
Maturity
Tritium production and application are well-established, with use in research, industry, and environmental monitoring.
Safety considerations
Tritium is a radioactive gas that emits low-energy beta particles, posing an internal radiation hazard if inhaled or ingested. Robust containment and ventilation systems are essential.
Security considerations
All radioactive isotopes can be misused, and as such, robust security protocols around chain of custody, inventory management, and physical security are critical.
Safeguarding considerations
Due to the absence of nuclear materials, IAEA safeguards are not applicable. While tritium is not a proliferation concern in the same way as nuclear material, it can be used to enhance the yield of nuclear weapons. Tritium is mainly controlled through national regulations and export controls, not through direct IAEA material accounting.
