Tritium decays by beta emission with a half-life of 12.32 years. It is produced in nuclear reactors by neutron irradiation of lithium-6. Tritium can also be produced in heavy water reactors as a byproduct of deuterium neutron capture. Supply chain considerations involve the availability of nuclear reactors, lithium targets, and tritium processing facilities. Logistical challenges include the safe handling and containment of a radioactive gas. Accessibility for developing countries is limited by the specialised facilities and regulatory requirements.
Overview
Maturity
Tritium production and application are well-established, with use in research, industry, and environmental monitoring.
Safety considerations
Tritium is a radioactive gas that emits low-energy beta particles, posing an internal radiation hazard if inhaled or ingested. Robust containment and ventilation systems are essential.
Security considerations
While tritium is not a proliferation concern in the same way as fissile material, it can be used to enhance the yield of nuclear weapons. Proper control and monitoring are necessary to prevent unauthorised access or misuse.
Safeguarding considerations
Traditional IAEA safeguards are not directly applicable due to the absence of fissile materials. However, monitoring and verification of the production and use of tritium may be considered to ensure transparency and prevent misuse.