Nuclear fission reactors use uranium-235 as fuel, which undergoes fission when bombarded with neutrons. The resulting energy is released in the form of heat, which is transferred to water or other coolant circulating through the reactor core. The heated coolant is used to generate steam, which drives turbines to produce electricity. Nuclear fission reactors are typically large and complex structures, requiring extensive safety and security measures. Supply chain considerations involve the availability of uranium fuel, specialised reactor components, and skilled labor. Logistical challenges include the transportation and installation of heavy equipment and the management of nuclear waste. Accessibility for developing countries is limited by the high cost, technical complexity, and regulatory requirements associated with nuclear fission reactors.
Overview
Maturity
Nuclear fission reactors are a mature technology, with a long history of commercial operation.
Safety considerations
Nuclear fission reactors pose potential risks, including radiation exposure, criticality accidents, and the release of radioactive waste. Robust safety systems and regulations are essential to minimise these risks.
Security considerations
Nuclear fission reactors use fissile materials, such as uranium-235, which pose a proliferation risk. Stringent security measures are essential to prevent unauthorised access and ensure proper control of these materials.
Safeguarding considerations
IAEA safeguards are essential for nuclear fission reactors, involving inspections, material accounting, and containment and surveillance measures to verify the peaceful use of nuclear materials.