Fuel Cycle Facilities

Fuel cycle facilities manage the various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, from the extraction of uranium ore to the disposal of spent nuclear fuel. Uranium mining and milling extract uranium from the earth and produce uranium oxide concentrate.Enrichment increases the concentration of fissile uranium-235. Fuel fabrication converts enriched uranium into fuel assemblies for nuclear reactors. Spent fuel reprocessing separates reusable uranium and plutonium from spent fuel, reducing the volume of nuclear waste. Supply chain considerations involve the availability of uranium resources, specialised equipment, and skilled labor. Logistical challenges include the transportation of radioactive materials and the management of nuclear waste. Accessibility for developing countries is limited by the high cost, technical complexity, and regulatory requirements associated with fuel cycle facilities.

Fuel cycle facilities are a mature technology, with established industrial processes and regulatory frameworks.

Fuel cycle facilities handle radioactive materials, requiring robust safety protocols to prevent radiation exposure and environmental contamination. The potential for criticality accidents and the management of nuclear waste are also critical safety considerations.   

Fuel cycle facilities contain fissile materials, such as enriched uranium and plutonium, which pose a proliferation risk. Stringent security measures are essential to prevent unauthorised access and ensure proper control of these materials.

IAEA safeguards are essential for fuel cycle facilities, involving inspections, material accounting, and containment and surveillance measures to verify the peaceful use of nuclear materials.