Cyclotrons

Cyclotrons accelerate charged particles by applying a magnetic field perpendicular to the particle’s path, causing them to move in a circular motion. An alternating electric field is used to accelerate the particles each time they cross the gap between two “dee” shaped electrodes. As the particles gain energy, their orbital radius increases, resulting in a spiral path. The accelerated particles can then be extracted and directed towards a target for various applications. Supply chain considerations include the availability of strong magnets, radio frequency systems, and vacuum technology. Logistical challenges involve the transportation and installation of heavy and complex equipment. Accessibility for developing countries is limited by the high cost and technical expertise required for operation and maintenance. However, smaller, more affordable cyclotrons are becoming increasingly available.

Cyclotrons are a mature technology, widely used in medical and research settings.

Cyclotrons produce ionising radiation, requiring robust shielding and safety protocols to protect personnel. The production of radioactive isotopes also necessitates careful handling and waste management.

While cyclotrons do not use fissile materials, the potential for producing isotopes that could be misused requires security measures to prevent unauthorised access and ensure proper control of the technology.

Traditional IAEA safeguards are not directly applicable due to the absence of fissile materials. However, monitoring and verification of the production and use of radioactive isotopes may be considered to ensure transparency and prevent misuse.