Molten Salt Reactors

MSRs utilise molten salts, such as fluoride or chloride salts, that can dissolve the fuel (uranium or thorium) and act as a heat transfer medium. The fuel is dissolved in the salt, circulating through the reactor core where it undergoes fission reactions. The heat generated is transferred to a heat exchanger, which produces steam to drive a turbine and generate electricity. The liquid fuel nature of MSRs provides several advantages, including inherent safety features, higher thermal efficiency, and the ability to process and recycle spent fuel online. Supply chain considerations involve the availability of specialised materials for the reactor vessel, fuel salts, and heat exchangers. Logistical challenges include the transportation and installation of large and complex equipment. Accessibility for developing countries is limited by the high cost and technical expertise required for operation and maintenance.

While the fundamental technology is proven, MSRs are still in the testing and demonstration phase, with ongoing efforts to improve their performance and reliability.

MSRs have inherent safety features, such as passive decay heat removal and the ability to drain the fuel salt in case of an emergency. However, the use of molten salts requires careful materials selection and corrosion management.

MSRs can use a variety of fuel cycles, including those based on plutonium or thorium. Proper security measures are essential to prevent unauthorised access and ensure proper control of nuclear materials.

IAEA safeguards are essential for MSRs, involving inspections, material accounting, and containment and surveillance measures to verify the peaceful use of nuclear materials. The liquid fuel nature of MSRs presents unique challenges for safeguards implementation.